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Busing

Despite the Brown ruling in 1954, plans to desegregate public schools moved slowly. In part, this was due to the so-called Brown II ruling in 1955 that permitted school districts to proceed with desegregation efforts "with all deliberate speed." As a result, most schools in the South remained segregated even a decade after Brown. In the early 1960s, court-mandated busing began in New Orleans after elaborate attempts to forestall desegregation were invalidated by the courts. The implementation of busing in Boston in 1974 was accompanied by violence against Black students and turmoil that lasted for more than a decade. Locally, in 2002 desegregation efforts ended in Prince George's County Public, where mandated busing and magnet schools did not achieve their goal of creating racially balanced school populations.

References & Additional Resources
 

General

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http://www.adversity.net/special/busing.htm
Special Adversity.Net section inspired by the Boston Globe's series of retrospectives on this historic event  since June 1999 marked the 25th anniversary of federal judge W. Arthur Garrity's 1974 order to integrate Boston's schools through forced busing. 

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Integration and Busing: The Early Years. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2004.
A panel discussion on desegregation efforts in the South that originally aired on CBS in 1957.

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Brown Blues: Rethinking the Integrative Ideal. Drew S. Days, III. Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly Newsletter. Volume 17, Number 4 (Fall 1997)
http://www.puaf.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/days.htm
Drew S. Days, III, is Alfred M. Rankin Professor at Yale Law School. The online essay has been adapted from his chapter in Redefining Equality, edited by Neal Devins and Davison M. Douglas, copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press. Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, New York.

New Orleans
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Baker, Liva. The Second Battle of New Orleans: The Hundred-Year Struggle to Integrate the Schools. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.
Presents a thorough and scholarly assessment of the rise of segregated public schools in New Orleans, the turmoil caused by court-mandated desegregation and the (re)segregation of New Orleans schools today.

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Wells, Amy E. "Good Neighbors? Distance, Resistance and Desegregation in Metropolitan New Orleans ." Urban Education 39.4 (2004): 408-427.
http://uex.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/39/4/408
A highly detailed account of desegregation in New Orleans using the scholarly framework of massive resistance to account for white protests against bussing efforts.

Boston
bullet Woflson, John. "The Road to Perdition." Boston Magazine August 2004.
http://www.bostonmagazine.com/ArticleDisplay.php?id=432
Provides basic background on court-mandated attempts to desegregate Boston public schools and also addresses.
bullet Dowling-Sendor, Benjamin. "Diversity and Admissions." The American Schoolboard Journal. (November 1998).
http://www.asbj.com/199811/1198schoollaw.html
Assess the arguments made in favor of and against admissions policies that acknowledged race in an effort to end de jure segregation in Boston schools.
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Formisano, Ronald P. Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s. North Carolina: UNC P, 2004.
A scholarly assessment of the white backlash against busing in Boston.

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Lukas, Anthony J. Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families . NY: Vintage, 1986.
This Pulitzer-prize winning book provides the different perspectives of one African American family and two white families in Boston as court-mandated school desegregation begins in 1974.

Prince George's County
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Jost, Kenneth. "From Busing to Magnets to Money... a County's Struggle to Desegregate." CQ Researcher 6.39 (1996): 924-926.
http://library2.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1996101800
Places the efforts of PG County to desegregate in the larger context of the nation.

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Johnston, Robert C. "Md. District Plans Return to Neighborhood Schools." Education Week 20.13 (29 November 2000): 3.
http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=3967641
Assess the impact of the end of mandatory busing in PG County.

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Stanfield, Rochelle E. "Making Money Matter." National Journal 30.21 (1998):1176.
Specifically addresses desegregation plans and school financing in PG County. (Available online)

[Last updated on August 22, 2005 ]